Eye spot, common spot, leaf spot

Mycosphaerella fragariae

Leaves. Leaf symptoms vary with strawberry cultivar, strain of the fungus causing disease, and environmental conditions. Leaf lesions or "spots" are small and round (3-8 mm diameter), dark purple to reddish in color, and are found on the upper leaf surfaces. The center of the spots becomes tan to gray to almost white over time, while the broad margins remain dark purple. Lesion centers on younger leaves stay light brown, with a definite reddish purple to rusty brown margin. Numerous spots may coalesce and cause death of the leaf. Large, spreading lesions that involve large portions of the leaflet are formed on some highly susceptible cultivars; the centers of which remain light brown. In warm humid weather, atypical solid rusty brown lesions without purple borders or light colored centers may form on young leaves. Lesions are evident on the undersurface of the leaf but are less intense in color, appearing as indistinct tan or bluish areas.
Leaf stemps (petioles), runners, fruit stalks (pedicels), berry caps (calyxes). Symptoms are almost identical to those on leaves, except for fruit. Only young tender plant parts are infected by this pathogen.
Fruit. Superficial black spots (6 mm in diameter) form on ripe berries under moist conditions. These spots surround groups of seeds (achenes) on the fruit surface. The surrounding tissue becomes brownish black, hard and leathery. The pulp beneath the infected area also becomes discolored, however, no general decay of the infected berry occurs. Usually only 1-2 spots occur on a berry but some may have as many as 8-10 "black-seed". Symptoms are most conspicuous on white, unripe fruit and on ripe fruit of light colored cultivars. Economic losses in this case are due to unattractiveness of "black seed" spots on fruit, rather than fruit rot.
Signs (visible presence of the pathogen). Later in the season, dark specks (sclerotia and/or perithecia) may be seen in older lesions.
Disease cycle.  In the south, perithecia and sclerotia are absent. Spores (conidia), are produced in small dark fruiting bodies (pseudothecia) within leaf lesions, and serve as inoculum. In this instance infection is a continuous process with older lesions producing conidia to infect young leaves during each season. Conidia landing on leaf surfaces produce germ tubes which penetrate through natural leaf openings (stomata) on upper and lower surfaces of leaves. New conidia are produced on clusters (fascicles) of conidiophores which grow out through stomata. These are carried to new leaves by rain splash, and the disease cycle begins again.

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