Bitter rot
Glomerella cingulate
Causal Agent: Glomerella cingulata is a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose, a disease affecting various plants, including fruits, ornamentals, and trees.
Symptoms:
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Lesions on Fruits:
- Circular to Irregular Lesions: The primary symptom is the development of circular to irregular-shaped lesions on the surface of fruits.
- Dark Borders: Lesions often have dark borders, creating a distinct appearance.
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Sunken Lesions:
- Lesions Sink In: As the disease progresses, lesions may become sunken into the fruit, leading to a concave or crater-like appearance.
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Spore Production:
- Pinkish to Orange Spore Mass: In humid conditions, the fungus may produce pinkish to orange spore masses in the center of lesions, especially during wet weather.
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Leaf and Stem Lesions:
- Lesions on Leaves and Stems: In addition to fruits, Glomerella cingulata can cause lesions on leaves, stems, and other plant parts.
Identification:
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Circular Lesions:
- Circular to irregular lesions with dark borders on fruits, leaves, and stems.
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Sunken Appearance:
- Sunken lesions that may extend into the fruit, creating a concave appearance.
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Spore Masses:
- Pinkish to orange spore masses may be visible in the center of lesions.
Conditions Favoring Disease:
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Humid Conditions:
- Moisture Facilitates Spore Dispersal: Glomerella cingulata produces spores in the presence of moisture, and high humidity favors disease development.
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Warm Temperatures:
- Optimal Growth Conditions: Warm temperatures, typically ranging from 20 to 30 degrees Celsius (68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit), are conducive to the growth of Glomerella cingulata.
Management:
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Fungicides:
- Foliar Applications: Application of fungicides may be considered in cases of severe infections. Consult with local agricultural extension services for appropriate recommendations.
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Pruning and Sanitation:
- Remove Infected Plant Parts: Prune and remove infected plant parts to reduce the source of inoculum.
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Resistant Varieties:
- Plant Resistant Cultivars: Utilize plant varieties that exhibit resistance or tolerance to Glomerella cingulata.
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Avoid Overhead Irrigation:
- Drip Irrigation: Use drip irrigation to minimize water on foliage, as wet conditions favor fungal spread.
Note: Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata can lead to significant losses in fruit crops and ornamental plants. Implementing integrated disease management strategies is crucial for effective control.




















