Black end rot

Gloeosporium musarum

Causal Agent: Gloeosporium musarum is a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose in banana plants (Musa spp.).

Symptoms:

  1. Lesions on Fruits:

    • Circular to Irregular Lesions: The primary symptom is the development of circular to irregular-shaped lesions on the surface of banana fruits.
    • Dark Borders: Lesions often have dark, sunken borders, creating a distinct appearance.

  2. Sunken Lesions:

    • Lesions Sink In: As the disease progresses, lesions may become sunken into the fruit, leading to a concave or crater-like appearance.

  3. Spore Production:

    • Pinkish to Orange Spore Mass: In humid conditions, the fungus may produce pinkish to orange spore masses in the center of lesions, especially during wet weather.

  4. Leaf and Stem Lesions:

    • Lesions on Leaves and Stems: In addition to fruits, Gloeosporium musarum can cause lesions on leaves, stems, and other parts of banana plants.

Identification:

  1. Circular Lesions:

    • Circular to irregular lesions with dark borders on banana fruits, leaves, and stems.

  2. Sunken Appearance:

    • Sunken lesions that may extend into the fruit, creating a concave appearance.

  3. Spore Masses:

    • Pinkish to orange spore masses may be visible in the center of lesions.

Conditions Favoring Disease:

  1. Humid Conditions:

    • Moisture Facilitates Spore Dispersal: Gloeosporium musarum produces spores in the presence of moisture, and high humidity favors disease development.

  2. Warm Temperatures:

    • Optimal Growth Conditions: Warm temperatures, typically ranging from 20 to 30 degrees Celsius (68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit), are conducive to the growth of Gloeosporium musarum.

Management:

  1. Fungicides:

    • Foliar Applications: Application of fungicides may be considered in cases of severe infections. Consult with local agricultural extension services for appropriate recommendations.

  2. Pruning and Sanitation:

    • Remove Infected Plant Parts: Prune and remove infected plant parts to reduce the source of inoculum.

  3. Resistant Varieties:

    • Plant Resistant Cultivars: Utilize banana varieties that exhibit resistance or tolerance to Gloeosporium musarum.

  4. Avoid Overhead Irrigation:

    • Drip Irrigation: Use drip irrigation to minimize water on foliage, as wet conditions favor fungal spread.

Note: Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium musarum can lead to significant losses in banana crops. Implementing integrated disease management strategies is crucial for effective control.